Sex education is instruction on issues relating to human
sexuality, including human sexual
anatomy, sexual reproduction, sexual activity, reproductive health, emotional relations, reproductive rights and responsibilities, sexual
abstinence, and birth control. Common avenues for sex education
are parents or caregivers, formal school programs, and public health campaigns.
Human
immunodeficiency virus infection / acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a disease
of the human immune system caused by infection with human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV).[1] The term HIV/AIDS represents the entire
range of disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus from early infection
to late stage symptoms. During the initial infection, a person may experience a
brief period of influenza-like illness. This is typically
followed by a prolonged period without symptoms. As the illness progresses, it
interferes more and more with the immune system, making the person much more
likely to get infections, including opportunistic infections and tumors that do
not usually affect people who have working immune systems.
HIV is
transmitted primarily via unprotected
sexual intercourse (including anal
and oral sex),
contaminated blood transfusions, hypodermic
needles, and from mother to child during pregnancy,
delivery, or breastfeeding.[2] Some bodily fluids, such as saliva and
tears, do not transmit HIV.[3] Prevention of HIV infection, primarily
through safe sex
and needle-exchange programs, is a key
strategy to control the spread of the disease. There is no cure or vaccine;
however, antiretroviral treatment can slow the course of
the disease and may lead to a near-normal life expectancy. While antiretroviral
treatment reduces the risk of death and complications from the disease, these
medications are expensive and have side effects. Without treatment, the average
survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years,
depending on the HIV subtype.[4]
Genetic research indicates that HIV
originated in west-central Africa during the late nineteenth or early twentieth
century.[5] AIDS was first recognized by the United
States Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) in 1981 and its cause—HIV infection—was identified
in the early part of the decade.[6] Since its discovery, AIDS has caused an
estimated 36 million deaths worldwide (as of 2012).[7] As of 2012, approximately
35.3 million people are living with HIV globally.[7] HIV/AIDS is considered a pandemic—a
disease outbreak which is present over a large area and is actively spreading.[8]
HIV/AIDS
has had a great impact on society, both as an illness and as a source of discrimination. The
disease also has significant economic impacts. There are many misconceptions about HIV/AIDS
such as the belief that it can be transmitted by casual non-sexual contact. The
disease has also become subject to many controversies involving religion. It has
attracted international medical and political attention as well as large-scale
funding since it was identified in the 1980s.[9]
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